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This work was supported by the European Commission through Grant Number 727966 (Program for Innovative Global Prevention of Streptococcus suis, PIGSs) from program Horizon 2020. CN-I was funded by the project. The work was also supported by the CERCA program from the Generalitat de Catalunya.

Analysis of institutional authors

Neila-Ibanez, CAuthorCasal, JAuthorMigura-Garcia, LAuthorPailler-Garcia, LAuthorNapp, SCorresponding Author

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September 12, 2021
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Article

Stochastic Assessment of the Economic Impact of Streptococcus suis-Associated Disease in German, Dutch and Spanish Swine Farms

Publicated to:Frontiers In Veterinary Science. 8 676002- - 2021-08-19 8(), DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.676002

Authors: Neila-Ibanez, Carlos; Casal, Jordi; Hennig-Pauka, Isabel; Stockhofe-Zurwieden, Norbert; Gottschalk, Marcelo; Migura-Garcia, Lourdes; Pailler-Garcia, Lola; Napp, Sebastian

Affiliations

2017 SGR 886 ENDEMIQUES. IRTA Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias - Author
2017 SGR 982 ESAD. IRTA Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias - Author
CReSA M Maeztu 2021 DES. IRTA Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias - Author
Inst Recerca & Tecnol Agroalimentaries IRTA, Off Int Epizooties Collaborating Ctr Res & Contro, Ctr Recerca Sanitat Anim CReSA, Bellaterra, Spain - Author
Producció Animal. IRTA Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias - Author
Sanitat Animal. IRTA Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias - Author
Sanitat Animal. Producció Animal - Author
Univ Autonoma Barcelona UAB, Inst Recerca & Tecnol Agroalimentaries IRTA, Ctr Recerca Sanitat Anim CReSA, Bellaterra, Spain - Author
Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Anim Hlth & Anat, Fac Vet Med, Bellaterra, Spain - Author
Univ Montreal, Res Grp Infect Dis Prod Anim & Swine & Poultry In, Fac Vet Med, St Hyacinthe, PQ, Canada - Author
Univ Vet Med Hannover, Field Stn Epidemiol, Hannover, Germany - Author
Wageningen Univ & Res, Wageningen Biovet Res, Lelystad, Netherlands - Author
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Abstract

The economic assessment of animal diseases is essential for decision-making, including the allocation of resources for disease control. However, that assessment is usually hampered by the lack of reliable data on disease incidence, or treatment and control measures, and that is particularly true for swine production diseases, such as infections caused by Streptococcus suis. Therefore, we deployed a questionnaire survey of clinical swine veterinarians to obtain the input data needed for a stochastic model to calculate the costs caused by S. suis, which was implemented in three of the main swine producing countries in Europe: Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. S. suis-associated disease is endemic in those countries in all production phases, though nursery was the phase most severely impacted. In affected nursery units, between 3.3 and 4.0% of pigs had S. suis-associated disease and the mortalities ranged from 0.5 to 0.9%. In Germany, the average cost of S. suis per pig (summed across all production phases) was 1.30 euros (90% CI: 0.53-2.28), in the Netherlands 0.96 euros (90% CI: 0.27-1.54), and in Spain 0.60 euros (90% CI: 0.29-0.96). In Germany, that cost was essentially influenced by the expenditure in early metaphylaxis in nursery and in autogenous vaccines in sows and nursery pigs; in the Netherlands, by expenditure on autogenous vaccines in sows and nursery pigs; and in Spain, by the expenditures in early metaphylaxis and to a lesser extent by the mortality in nursery pigs. Therefore, the differences in costs between countries can be explained to a great extent by the measures to control S. suis implemented in each country. In Spain and in Germany, use of antimicrobials, predominantly beta-lactams, is still crucial for the control of the disease.

Keywords

antimicrobialscost of diseaseeconomic assessmentincidencequestionnairesstochastic modelstreptococcus suisAgentsAntimicrobial resistanceAntimicrobial therapyAntimicrobialsArticleAutovaccineBeta lactam antibioticCephalosporin derivativeControlled studyCost of diseaseCostsData analysis softwareDrug costEconomic assessmentEpidemiologyFemaleGermanyGreat-britainHealth care costHealth surveyHumanIncidenceInfectionInfection preventionLivestockMacrolideMedicineMortality rateNetherlandsNonhumanNurseryPig farmingPig farmsPigletQuestionnairesRiskSow (swine)SpainStochastic modelStreptococcus infectionStreptococcus suisStreptococcus vaccineSuckling animalSulfonamideSwine diseaseSwine production diseaseTetracycline derivativeVaccinationVeterinarian

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Frontiers In Veterinary Science due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 13/145, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Veterinary Sciences. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 3.34. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 14.62 (source consulted: Dimensions Aug 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-08-04, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 24
  • Europe PMC: 6

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-08-04:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 44.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 45 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 5.2.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 8 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327/1545

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Canada; Germany; Netherlands.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (NEILA IBAÑEZ, CARLOS MARIA) and Last Author (NAPP AVELLI, ERNESTO SEBASTIAN).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been NAPP AVELLI, ERNESTO SEBASTIAN.